A Critical Review on the Properties and Enhancement Strategies of Magnesium, Aluminum, and Steel Alloys

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), and steel are fundamental engineering materials widely used in structural applications due to their distinct combinations of strength, density, and durability. This paper presents a critical review of their mechanical properties,[1] microstructural characteristics, and advanced enhancement techniques. Special attention is given to alloying, thermomechanical processing, surface engineering, and composite reinforcement. Recent developments in nanostructured materials and additive manufacturing are also examined. A comparative analysis reveals that while magnesium offers superior lightweight potential, aluminum provides balanced performance, and steel dominates in strength and cost-efficiency. The study identifies key research gaps in corrosion resistance, sustainability, and multi-material integration, providing guidance for future material design.